高钾血症(高钾)
什么是高钾血症?
Hyperkalemia is a higher than normal level of potassium in the blood. Although mild cases may not produce symptoms 和 may be easy to treat, severe cases of hyperkalemia that are left untreated can lead to fatal cardiac 心律失常即心律异常.
You may be at risk for hyperkalemia because of:
In some cases, multiple factors could be involved or the cause is never clearly identified.
高钾血症如何影响身体?
Potassium is a mineral that is crucial for normal cell function in the body, 包括心肌细胞. The body gets potassium from specific foods.
适当的钾含量是关键. The kidneys are primarily responsible for maintaining the body’s total potassium content by balancing potassium intake with potassium excretion. If intake of potassium far outweighs the kidneys’ ability to remove it, 或者肾功能下降, 钾元素可能过多, 高钾血症也会发生.
Potassium 和 sodium concentrations play a crucial role in electric signal functioning of the heart’s middle thick muscle layer, 称为心肌. An above normal level of potassium can interfere with proper electric signals in that muscle layer 和 lead to different types of heart 心律失常.
如何诊断??
It can be difficult to diagnose hyperkalemia. 通常没有症状. When there are, symptoms might include muscle weakness or muscle paralysis if it’s a severe case. Additionally, a severe case can cause abnormal heart rhythms 和 possibly cause the heart to stop.
在很多情况下, a hyperkalemia diagnosis must rely on clinical information such as a history of kidney failure or the use of medicines known to cause hyperkalemia.
Laboratory data 和 electrocardiographic changes can also be used along with clinical information to reach a diagnosis. For most people, their potassium level should be between 3.5和5.0毫摩尔每升(mmol/L). Hyperkalemia is a potassium level of greater than 5.5. Patients with hyperkalemia can have a normal electrocardiogram or a reading with only subtle changes.
可以预防吗??
Changes in eating patterns can help prevent 和 treat high potassium levels. Talk to your health care professional to underst和 any risk you might have for hyperkalemia. Your health care professional could recommend foods that you might need to limit or avoid. 这些包括:
- Asparagus, avocados, potatoes, tomatoes or tomato sauce, winter squash, pumpkin, cooked spinach
- 橙子和橙汁, 油桃, 猕猴桃, 香蕉, 哈密瓜, 蜜汁, 梅干、葡萄干或其他干果.
If you are on a low-salt eating plan, avoid using salt substitutes.
如何治疗高钾血症?
如果你体内的钾含量很高, or if there are dangerous indications such as changes in an electrocardiogram, 需要紧急处理. That might involve supplying calcium to the body through an IV to treat the effects on muscles 和 the heart or administering glucose 和 insulin through an IV to decrease potassium levels long enough to correct the cause. There are also medicines that help remove the potassium from your intestines, 和, 在某些情况下, 可给予利尿剂.
Emergency treatment can also include kidney dialysis if kidney function is deteriorating, medication to help remove potassium from the intestines before absorption, sodium bicarbonate if acidosis is the cause, 还有水丸, 或利尿剂.
A health care professional could also advise stopping or reducing potassium supplements 和 stopping or changing the doses of certain medicines for heart disease 和 high blood pressure. Always follow your health professional's instructions about taking or stopping medicines.
对于心力衰竭的人
有一些 心力衰竭患者的药物 take that are associated with hyperkalemia. These are angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) 和 angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors). For patients with heart failure on these drugs, 如果出现上述任何症状, you should tell your health care professional to make sure that the symptoms are not related to hyperkalemia.
